GLOSSARY

Olive skin:  is a skin tone with a slightly beige, yellowish colour

Pedestrian crossing: is marked on a road by broad alternate black and white stripes. Once on the crossing the pedestrian has right of way

Pale: lacking strong or natural colour; colourless or whitish

Sun-tanned: the brown colour produced by the skin after intensive exposure to ultraviolet rays, esp those of the sun

Sniff: to draw air through the nose in a short, somewhat noisy way:

Deserve: to merit, be worthy of, or have a claim to (reward, etc.) because of actions, qualities, or circumstances

Fare: the price of travelling in a bus, air-plane, or other carrier

Blur: to (cause to) become hard to see or hear

Stir: to mix or agitate (a liquid or other substance) with a continuous movement of a spoon, a stick, etc.

Lazy bum: to merit, be worthy of, or have a claim to (reward, etc.) because of actions, qualities, or circumstances

Fan: a device for producing a current of air by the revolving movement of one or more blades

Crumble: to (cause to) break into small fragments

Shall I give you a lift?: Do you want to take you somewhere?

I have had: The expression that you use when you have something for a time ago

Baggage claim:  area where arriving passengers claim checked-in baggage after disembarking from an airline flight

Recline: to (cause to) lean back or lie

VAT: value-added tax. 

Safe and sound: "away from/out of danger"

Boarding pass: is a document provided by an airline during check-in, giving a passenger permission to board the air-plane for a particular flight

Taking time off from work: not to appear at one's place of work for a period of time, hours or days. (Often used of an excused or planned absence.)

Exchange rate: The price of a nation’s currency in terms of another currency.

Mobile homes: using a motor vehicle for easy movement from place to place

Itinerary: a detailed plan for a journey, esp. a list of places to visit.

Travel arrangements: a plan when you travel

To board: to get on a large vehicle

Customs: the part of a port, airport, frontier station, etc, where baggage and freight are examined for dutiable goods and contraband

Hostel:  youthhostelan inexpensive, supervised place to live for young travellers.

Sightseeing: the act of visiting places and things of interest

Tourist trap: is an establishment, or group of establishments, that has been created or re-purposed with the aim of attracting tourists and their money. Tourist traps will typically provide services, entertainment, souvenirs and other products for tourists to purchase.

Tourist attraction: is a place or thing which attracts visitors

Live it up: enjoying the life

Silicon: a non-metallic element, occurring in minerals and rocks and making up more than one fourth of the earth's crust: used in steel-making, computer chips, etc

Root: part of the body of a plant that develops downward into the soil.

Drought: a long period of dry weather

Dome: a roof or ceiling that is rounded or in the form of a part of a sphere

Hood: the short form of saying neighbourhood 

Dude: guy

Alrighty: OK

What's up?: An extremely annoying question that has (unfortunately) replaced "Hello" or "Hi" as the most popular form of casual greeting.

That´s heck a cool: that is very cool

Yo, let's bail: you should leave

That burrito is so bomb: is very tasty or good

Bro, why you putting me on blast?: embarrassed someone in public

Why did you call me out in front of someone?:  To call someone out is reveal another´s mistake in front of other people

You are socking those shoes: wear with style

Throw back-ish: someone or something that seems to belong to an earlier period of time or that makes you think of an earlier period of time

Silver screen: black and white

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• Crossing your legs is frowned upon in America

• The Arabs don't trush in people in a hurry because for them means that the other doesn't want any relationship with them, only money

• The colour of mourning is the white in the Middle East and many countries in Asia and Africa

• In Italy the number 13 is not an unlucky number because their football pools have 13 hits, but it is the number 17 unlucky because it reminds a hanged

• To indicate that someone is lying, the Japanese suck their index finger and they pass it through their eyebrow

PE PROJECT

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 10

Cereals: Grasses grown for the edible components of their grain, such as rice and wheat.

Mortgage: A loan to finance the purchase of private residential or commercial property.

Speculation: Investment in stocks, property of other assets in the hope of gain, but with the risk of loss.

Crop: A cultivated plant to be harvested as food, animal fodder, fuel or for any other economic purpose.

Agricultural landscape: A landscape that has been transformed by people to cultivate crops and/or rear livestock.

Cultural heritage: The things, places and practices that define who we are as individuals, as communities, as nations or cultures.

Domestic tourism: Tourism in which tourists do not leave their own country.

Large-scale tourism: Travel and accommodation offered to large groups at affordable prices by tour operators.

Tour operators: A company that combines tour and travel components to cater for large-scale tourism.

High-speed rail: A type of rail transport involving high-speed trains.

Peak season: The season when travel is most active and rates are highest.

Off-peak season: The season when travel is less active and rates are lower.

Recession: A business cycle contraction; a general slowdown in economic activity.

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 9

Freight: goods or produce transported by ship, aircraft, train, lorry or van.

Capital flows: the money that is moved around the world

Exports: goods or services that are sold outside the country where they are produced.

Imports: goods or services that are brought into a country from abroad for sale.

Balance of trade: the difference between the monetary value of the exports and the imports of a country.

Balance of payments: all monetary transactions between a country and the world

Retail: a type of trade in which businesses sell small quantities of goods directly to consumers.

Wholesale: trade in which buyers purchase large quantities of goods and sell them, in smaller quantities, to other companies.

Trade bloc: a group of countries that join together to form an area with special trade regulations.

Transport network: the connection of road, railway lines, ports or airports that facilitate the transport of goods and/or people.

Market: the meeting of buyers and sellers of goods and services. It can be tangible or abstract and it decides the prices of goods and services

Infrastructure: the basic physical and organizational structures needed for an economy to function.

Trade: the buying and selling of goods to meet the needs of the population.

Bartering: the first way of trading in history

Tourism: a sector dedicated to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

Information society: society in which revolutionary advances an IT dominate the economy

Public services: cover basic need of population

Private services: offer personalised services to companies

GEOGRAPHY: TRAVEL TO PORTO

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 8

Mechanization: The use of machinery in the production process

Mining: The process of extracting minerals from the ground

Mineral: a naturally occurring solid chemical substance such as bauxite. Most minerals need to be transformed to enable them to be used for manufacturing products

Fossil fuels: fuel that is formed by the decomposition of buried organic material, and exposure to heat and pressure, producing substances such as coal, oil and gas.

Industry: any economic activity that produces a service or transforms raw material into consumer goods.

Irrigated farming: is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

Energy: power that comes from the utilization of physical or chemical resources to provide light and heat or to work machines.

Biomass: organic material used as a fuel that releases energy when burned

Management: the people that run a company and ensure that goods and services of a high enough quality are produced and sold at competitive prices.


Workforce:  the employees required to produce goods and services.

Wind turbine: a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy to drive machinery or generate electricity.

Solar panel:  is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure.

Renewable energy: is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human time-scale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.  

Non-renewable energy: is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.

Traditional energy: refers to the energy sources that are most commonly used

Alternative energy: is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about such fossil fuels.

Dam: is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams.

Guild: is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. 

Heavy industry: does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production.

Light industry:  is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented (most light industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use by other industries).

Cutting-edge industries: industries that employ advanced technology

Craftspersons: a person who makes products using basic tools and manual labour.