NEW GLOSSARY

Success: the favorable result of something attempted

Failure: a failing or proving unsuccessful; lack of success

Though: even if

Massive: terrible

Gas leak: when the gas scape or run away

Wipe out: to destroy completely

Manage to: to succeed in being able (to do something) despite obstacles

Tuxido: smoking

To be fond of: to like doing a thing; get pleasure of

To run the risk: to do something although something bad might happen because of it

Ash: the gray or black powdery matter that remains after burning:

Drown: to (cause to) die from being put under water

Scrumptious!!!: delicious

Burned down to a crisp: to burn something totally or very badly

To blend: put together

Earthquake drill: to withdraw or cause to withdraw from (a place of danger) to a place of greater safety but not real only a rehearse

Food supplies non perishable: food that is use and kept in cause of emergency

Sway: (cause to) move or swing from side to side

Basement: a floor or story of a building that is partly or completely underground

Concrete: being a real or actual thing

Shelter: something beneath, behind, or within which one is protected, as from storms, cold, danger, etc.

Tub: bath

Warn about: to advise (someone to do something)

Warn off: to advise (someone to do something)

Warning: the act of one that warns. something that serves to warn

Without warning: without notify

Flare: a flaring or swaying flame or light. [uncountable] a sudden blaze or burst of flame.

Burglar: one who commits housebreaker

Rob: to take something by unlawful force

Murder: the unlawful killing of a person

Suspects: one who can have done a crime

Hijack: to seize (an airplane or other vehicle) by threat or by force, For ransom or political aims

Surrender: to give oneself up, as into the power of another, as by agreeing to stop fighting because of defeat

Mug: to assault or attack, usually in order to rob

Witness: a person who has witnessed something and is able to declare what has taken place

Gang: a group or a band

Steam: water in the form of an invisible gas or vapor

Give out: send out

Give in: surrender

Get around: to travel from place to place

Get ahead: to be successful, as in business or society

Get back: coem back, return

On time: at the expected time

In time: early or at the appointed time eventually

Borrow something: to obtain (something) with a promise to return it

Lend something: to grant the use of (something) on condition that it or its equivalent will be returned

GLOSSARY

Olive skin:  is a skin tone with a slightly beige, yellowish colour

Pedestrian crossing: is marked on a road by broad alternate black and white stripes. Once on the crossing the pedestrian has right of way

Pale: lacking strong or natural colour; colourless or whitish

Sun-tanned: the brown colour produced by the skin after intensive exposure to ultraviolet rays, esp those of the sun

Sniff: to draw air through the nose in a short, somewhat noisy way:

Deserve: to merit, be worthy of, or have a claim to (reward, etc.) because of actions, qualities, or circumstances

Fare: the price of travelling in a bus, air-plane, or other carrier

Blur: to (cause to) become hard to see or hear

Stir: to mix or agitate (a liquid or other substance) with a continuous movement of a spoon, a stick, etc.

Lazy bum: to merit, be worthy of, or have a claim to (reward, etc.) because of actions, qualities, or circumstances

Fan: a device for producing a current of air by the revolving movement of one or more blades

Crumble: to (cause to) break into small fragments

Shall I give you a lift?: Do you want to take you somewhere?

I have had: The expression that you use when you have something for a time ago

Baggage claim:  area where arriving passengers claim checked-in baggage after disembarking from an airline flight

Recline: to (cause to) lean back or lie

VAT: value-added tax. 

Safe and sound: "away from/out of danger"

Boarding pass: is a document provided by an airline during check-in, giving a passenger permission to board the air-plane for a particular flight

Taking time off from work: not to appear at one's place of work for a period of time, hours or days. (Often used of an excused or planned absence.)

Exchange rate: The price of a nation’s currency in terms of another currency.

Mobile homes: using a motor vehicle for easy movement from place to place

Itinerary: a detailed plan for a journey, esp. a list of places to visit.

Travel arrangements: a plan when you travel

To board: to get on a large vehicle

Customs: the part of a port, airport, frontier station, etc, where baggage and freight are examined for dutiable goods and contraband

Hostel:  youthhostelan inexpensive, supervised place to live for young travellers.

Sightseeing: the act of visiting places and things of interest

Tourist trap: is an establishment, or group of establishments, that has been created or re-purposed with the aim of attracting tourists and their money. Tourist traps will typically provide services, entertainment, souvenirs and other products for tourists to purchase.

Tourist attraction: is a place or thing which attracts visitors

Live it up: enjoying the life

Silicon: a non-metallic element, occurring in minerals and rocks and making up more than one fourth of the earth's crust: used in steel-making, computer chips, etc

Root: part of the body of a plant that develops downward into the soil.

Drought: a long period of dry weather

Dome: a roof or ceiling that is rounded or in the form of a part of a sphere

Hood: the short form of saying neighbourhood 

Dude: guy

Alrighty: OK

What's up?: An extremely annoying question that has (unfortunately) replaced "Hello" or "Hi" as the most popular form of casual greeting.

That´s heck a cool: that is very cool

Yo, let's bail: you should leave

That burrito is so bomb: is very tasty or good

Bro, why you putting me on blast?: embarrassed someone in public

Why did you call me out in front of someone?:  To call someone out is reveal another´s mistake in front of other people

You are socking those shoes: wear with style

Throw back-ish: someone or something that seems to belong to an earlier period of time or that makes you think of an earlier period of time

Silver screen: black and white

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• Crossing your legs is frowned upon in America

• The Arabs don't trush in people in a hurry because for them means that the other doesn't want any relationship with them, only money

• The colour of mourning is the white in the Middle East and many countries in Asia and Africa

• In Italy the number 13 is not an unlucky number because their football pools have 13 hits, but it is the number 17 unlucky because it reminds a hanged

• To indicate that someone is lying, the Japanese suck their index finger and they pass it through their eyebrow

PE PROJECT

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 10

Cereals: Grasses grown for the edible components of their grain, such as rice and wheat.

Mortgage: A loan to finance the purchase of private residential or commercial property.

Speculation: Investment in stocks, property of other assets in the hope of gain, but with the risk of loss.

Crop: A cultivated plant to be harvested as food, animal fodder, fuel or for any other economic purpose.

Agricultural landscape: A landscape that has been transformed by people to cultivate crops and/or rear livestock.

Cultural heritage: The things, places and practices that define who we are as individuals, as communities, as nations or cultures.

Domestic tourism: Tourism in which tourists do not leave their own country.

Large-scale tourism: Travel and accommodation offered to large groups at affordable prices by tour operators.

Tour operators: A company that combines tour and travel components to cater for large-scale tourism.

High-speed rail: A type of rail transport involving high-speed trains.

Peak season: The season when travel is most active and rates are highest.

Off-peak season: The season when travel is less active and rates are lower.

Recession: A business cycle contraction; a general slowdown in economic activity.

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 9

Freight: goods or produce transported by ship, aircraft, train, lorry or van.

Capital flows: the money that is moved around the world

Exports: goods or services that are sold outside the country where they are produced.

Imports: goods or services that are brought into a country from abroad for sale.

Balance of trade: the difference between the monetary value of the exports and the imports of a country.

Balance of payments: all monetary transactions between a country and the world

Retail: a type of trade in which businesses sell small quantities of goods directly to consumers.

Wholesale: trade in which buyers purchase large quantities of goods and sell them, in smaller quantities, to other companies.

Trade bloc: a group of countries that join together to form an area with special trade regulations.

Transport network: the connection of road, railway lines, ports or airports that facilitate the transport of goods and/or people.

Market: the meeting of buyers and sellers of goods and services. It can be tangible or abstract and it decides the prices of goods and services

Infrastructure: the basic physical and organizational structures needed for an economy to function.

Trade: the buying and selling of goods to meet the needs of the population.

Bartering: the first way of trading in history

Tourism: a sector dedicated to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

Information society: society in which revolutionary advances an IT dominate the economy

Public services: cover basic need of population

Private services: offer personalised services to companies

GEOGRAPHY: TRAVEL TO PORTO

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 8

Mechanization: The use of machinery in the production process

Mining: The process of extracting minerals from the ground

Mineral: a naturally occurring solid chemical substance such as bauxite. Most minerals need to be transformed to enable them to be used for manufacturing products

Fossil fuels: fuel that is formed by the decomposition of buried organic material, and exposure to heat and pressure, producing substances such as coal, oil and gas.

Industry: any economic activity that produces a service or transforms raw material into consumer goods.

Irrigated farming: is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

Energy: power that comes from the utilization of physical or chemical resources to provide light and heat or to work machines.

Biomass: organic material used as a fuel that releases energy when burned

Management: the people that run a company and ensure that goods and services of a high enough quality are produced and sold at competitive prices.


Workforce:  the employees required to produce goods and services.

Wind turbine: a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy to drive machinery or generate electricity.

Solar panel:  is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure.

Renewable energy: is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human time-scale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.  

Non-renewable energy: is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.

Traditional energy: refers to the energy sources that are most commonly used

Alternative energy: is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about such fossil fuels.

Dam: is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams.

Guild: is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. 

Heavy industry: does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production.

Light industry:  is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented (most light industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use by other industries).

Cutting-edge industries: industries that employ advanced technology

Craftspersons: a person who makes products using basic tools and manual labour.

THE PRINTING PRESS

This invention was created by Johannes Gutenberg around the year 1450. This useful object is used for the reproduction of text or images on paper or similar materials.

Gutenberg bet that he could make a copy of the Bible in less than half the time  than it took to copy the faster copyist monk of all the Christian world and that they don't differentiate at all of the handwriting by him

THE FILM: MODERN TIMES

MY COMIC

http://www.bitstripsforschools.com/classroom/Q09P/gallery/LW1QT/

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 7

Plot: An area of land where crops are grown. It can vary in sixe, shape or borders

Soil: The subtance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow, produced mainly by the weathering of rock.

Crop rotation: The practice of growing different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. This method improves sil fertility and resistance to disease and pests

Intensive agriculture:  is an agricultural production system characterized by a low fallow ratio and the high use of inputs such as capital, labour, or heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area.

Extensive agriculture: An agricultural system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilisers, and capital, relative to the area of land that is being farmed.

Dryland farming: Farming in which the fields receive only rainwater.

Irrigated farming: Farming in which the water from groundwater, reservoirs or rivers is brought to fields.

Polyculture:  is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes multi-cropping, intercropping, companion planting, beneficial weeds, and alley cropping.

Monoculture:  is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years

Greenhouses:  is a building in which plants are grown

Subsistence agriculture: A type of agriculture in which farmers only grow enough food to feed themselves and their families.

Shifting cultivation:  is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot

Livestock farming: Farming bassed on rearing animals to obtain products.

Housed livestock: Livestock fed with fodder in farm buildings. This type of livestock must pass strict sanitary and quality controls

Cattle: are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.

Fodder:  is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.

Rear: To care for, breed and grow animals until maturity.

Fishing grounds: An area of water that is used for fishing.

Aquaculture: is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.

Overfishing:  is a form of overexploitation in which fish stocks are depleted to unacceptable levels, regardless of water body size.

Fleets: is an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels

School of fish: many fishes together

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 6

Economic activity: the different processes involved in the production and consumption of goods and services

Economic agent: a person, group or institution involved in the economy

Goods: tangible economic products, such as food, that are usually consumed after production

Services: economic activities, such as banking or education, that are intangible

Production: an activity that provides goods and services for consumption. the production of goods combines natural resources, skills, financial investment and labour

Distribution: the marketing, delivery and sale of goods and services

Marketing: the act of researching, promoting and advertising a product or service in order to sell it

Consumption: the use of a product or service to satisfy needs or desires

Supply: availability of something of use or sale

Demand: the desire to own something in the market and the willingness to pay for it

Inflation: a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in the economy or a decrease in value of the purchasing power of money

Profit: the monetary gain of a business after all expenses have been met

Tax: a monetary contribution to the government requires of people, groups or business

Raw material: material on which a particular manufacturing process is carried out

Telecommuting: the use of home computers, telephones, etc, to enable a person to work from home while maintaining contact with colleagues, customers, or a central office

Employer: a person, business, firm, etc, that employs workers

Employee: a person who is hired to work for another or for a business, firm, etc, in return for payment

Self-employed: earning one's living in one's own business or through freelance work, rather than as the employee of another

Active population: people currently employed in the production of goods and services  and the people who are unemployed or looking for their first job

Inactive population: people not in active service

Disabled: lacking one or more physical powers, such as the ability to walk or to coordinate one's movements, as from the effects of a disease or accident, or through mental impairment

Retired: to give up or to cause (a person) to give up his work, a post, etc, esp on reaching pensionable age

Full-time contracts:  a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his/her employer.

Part-time contracts: a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job.

THE BEST CITY OF THE FUTURE

THE ADVERTISEMENT

E-MAIL FAMILY NASH

Idioms

To ask for the moon: to make unreasonable demands for things or to wish something impossible to achieve or to obtain 

Hold the fort: you take care of a place when the person normally in charge is away

Under the table: is a phase used to describe secretive behaviour often suggesting corruption or illegality

To horse around: like goof off

When someone has chickened out of something: they have failed to do something or they haven´t tried to do it because they were afraid 

When you say someone is a wise old owl you mean they are very experienced in life

A night owl is someone who stays up late into the night

When you say someone is in safe hands you mean they are being cared for someone who is confident and skilled

A safe pair of hands: is a similar expression it refers to someone who can be to do a good job avoiding mistakes

If someone tells you to hold your tongue it means they want you to stop talking because they don't like what you are saying

If a situation is black and white it means you have a clear opinion about it and you can easily see what you think is right and wrong

Money doesn't grow on trees: means you must not spent to much money as there is a limited amount of it

Money is not object: means that you have a lot of money available to spend

Let the chips fall where they may means to allow things to happen no matter what the consequences are

When you say something is as cheap as chips you mean it is very cheap

If you are chasing your tail you are very busy doing a lot of things but not achieving very much

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 5

National sovereignty: the authority of a state to govern itself or another state

Constitutional monarchy:  a system of government in which the king is the head of state but the parliament chooses the government. The government manages the politics of the state

The crown: the part of a constitutional monarchy represented by the king

Arbitrator: a person chosen to decide a dispute or settle differences. In a constitutional monarchy, the king is the arbitrator between governmental institutions

Decentralised government: a system of government in which decision-making is devolved to a local level and is therefore closer to the citizens

Motion of no confidence: a motion put by the Opposition censuring an aspect of the Government's policy

Ministers: government officials that, together with the president, make up the Spanish cabinet

Municipality: the most basic administrative body in the Spanish territory

Town council: the organization that governs each municipality in Spain

Mayor: This person with the councillors make up the town council

Councillors: These people with the mayor make up the town council and they choose the mayor

Province: an administrative body made up of several municipalities in the Spanish territory

Self-government: a system of government in which a community or region has authority to govern itself without the intervention of any other authority

Statue of autonomy:  a law describing the institutions, laws and responsibilities for each of the autonomous communities in the Spanish territory

Subsidiarity: the principle of devolving decisions to the lowest practical level so that services are closer to the citizens

Autonomous community: one of 17 regions that form part of the Spanish territory with its own devolved government

Exclusive authority: the local government has this authority over laws related to town planning, housing, monuments, healthcare and education

Share authority: the local government and the state has this authority over laws related to transport or the labour market

Post industrial society: a society in which the economy is has undergone a shift from production of goods to the provision of services

Well-being: the level of satisfaction of a population as measured by education levels, healthcare, life expectancy and consumption

Life expectancy: the number of years a person or population is expected to live

Illiteracy: a person who doesn't know to write and to read

Extended family: made up of grandparents, parents and children

Nuclear family: made up of parents and children

Single parent family: made up of a father or a mother and children

Same sex marriages:  two people of the same sex who live together as a family

Make or do?

When do we use make or do?

• Make:

• the bed
• an effort
• a mistake
• friends
• an appointment
• decisions
• trip
• a photocopy
• money
• a difference
• a discovery

• Do:

• some good
• our best
• a research
• a sport
• Homework
• the iron
• the washing
• a favour

GLOSSARY UNIT 5

Power station: a place where the energy is distributed

Liveable: pleasant to live

Stability: the quality of being stable

Dwellers: population

Aussie: another way to say Australian (informal)

Stiletto: a small dagger

Rank: level

Hence: therefore

Bum-bag: you wear it round your waist. You used it to carry little things

Sloppy-joes: track suit pants

THE CONSTITUTION. IS IT NECESSARY OR UNNECESSARY?

In my opinion the Constitution is very important because it sets out the rights and duties that the Spaniards have and also It includes all the objectives of the country besides the form of government of the state. It is all-important because the application of the constitution is to respect each of the articles and put them in functioning, in general, not in particular benefits. But now we are observing cases in which there is some benefit to some people but what you can do. Also It is important because if a country doesn't have a constitution, it would be like a chaos because it would't have rules and it would be an anarchy.

MAGAZINE OF CLOTHES

GEOGRAPHY: GLOSSARY UNIT 4

Budget: A sum of money to be used for a specific purpose by a government

Free movement: The unrestricted movement of goods, services, people and capital

Cohesion: The act of uniting or staying together

Common market: A market based on common policies and the free movement of goods, services, people and capital

Fragmentation: When production processes occur in different phases, in different places

Development: The act or process of growing or making progress

Funds: The financial resources used by governments or political institutions for a specific purpose

Heterogeneity: A thing that consist of dissimilar elements or parts

Homogeneous: Made up of the same kind of people or things

Investment: The act of using something (time, money, effort, etc.) to achieve a goal

Monetary union: The sharing of the same currency between two or more state. In 1992, the concept of a monetaru union was agreed upon in the EU

Ombudsman: A government official or body who investigates complains by private citizens against government institutions

Outsourcing: Part of a company's work is sent to another company, sometimes in a different country, because it's cheaper or more efficient option

Self-sufficient: Being able to meet one's needs without external assistance

Solidarity: A union or fellowship created from common responsibilities and interest, feelings or purposes

Citizenship: The condition or status of a citizen, with its rights and duties

Duty: A task or action that a person is bound to perform for moral or legal reasons

Sceptical: Not convince that something is true

Surplus: A quantity or amount in excess of what is required

Seafaring: The act of travelling by sea

Outskirts: Outlying or bordering areas, districts, etc., as of a city

Profitable: Affording gain, benefit, or profit

Highway-motorway: A public road that all may use

Hierarchy: A system of persons or things arranged in a graded order

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

CAP: Common Agricultural Policy: (in the EU) the system for supporting farm incomes by maintaining agricultural prices at agreed levels

CFP: Common Fisheries Policy

Subsidy: A type of financing offered by a government


Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more states related to international relations

GLOSSARY: LOST WORLD

Perplexed: Confuse

Beard: The hair that grows in the face of a man

Sceptical: Not be sure if something is true

Prove: Demostrate/justify

Beaks: The projecting jaws of a bird

Remains: Cadaver/fossil

Pinnacle: The highest peak or level of something

Footprint: An indentation or outline of the foot of a person or animal on a surface

Bit: A small piece, portion, or quantity

Stick: A small thin branch of a tree

Chin: The front part of the face below the lips

Entire: Whole/complete

Towards: About to happen

Spears: A weapon consisting of a long shaft with a sharp pointed end of metal, stone, or wood that may be thrown or thrust

Weapons: An object or instrument used in fighting

Nodd: To lower and raise (the head) briefly, as to indicate agreement

Ropes: A thick cord

Hatchets: A short axe

Branches: Is a small tree part

Whisper: To speak in a soft tone

Grotesque: Strangely

Chief: The leader in a group


Clerk: A worker in a office